Homelessness Case Study - 1683 Words

Case Study This report is concerned with the connection between homelessness its historical framework and the governance of the pervasive ‘victim blaming’ ideologies and the social issues it brings to society. Structural issues create different risk levels among certain populations. (Heinz, 2005, p. 61) The homeless have been regarded historically as objects of empathy and disparagement in the media, political, and the economic domains. (Farrugia, 2011a) These sentiments are tied to how homeless people view ideologies of productivity, personhood, and stability within the culture of Australia. (Heinz, 2005, p. 61) This study inspects how these ideologies are associated with the relationship amongst the capitalist economy, and homeless†¦show more content†¦(Hartman, 1989, p. 483) We need to consider that there are larger social forces at work, high unemployment, that then links these concerns effectively with social programs for homelessness through government incentive prog rams. Historical Element In sociology, the historical elements are vital to the understanding the present in terms of how it came to be. (Wills, 2011, p. 75) If we go back twenty years ago homelessness in Australia was primarily limited to ‘the old derelict wino on a park bench’ however today they have been united by the younger generation, the disorganised and mentally ill, woman and children escaping violent domestic circumstances and young people with no one to care for them. (Chamberlain, Johnson, Robinson, 2014). It is difficult to describe homelessness since some homeless people live in conditions ranging from shelters, friends’ homes, to cars. (Heinz, 2005, p. 4) A person who is homeless may face violations of the right to an adequate standard of living, the right to education, the right to freedom and security, the right to privacy, the right to freedom from discrimination, and much more. (Homelessness is a Human Rights Issue (2008) | Australian Human Rights Commission, 2012) For Mills, history is a series of accounts of individuals and the bigger biography of the development in the expansion of society. (Barratt, 2011, p. 715) Mills defines the â€Å"sociological imagination† as an individual’s capability to use theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Loyola University Chicago s Mission Statement896 Words   |  4 Pagesknowledge and awareness of the case study provided in class. Our Engaged Learning Community group was given the opportunity to participate with The Catholic Charity of Chicago, a group committed to help the less fortunate and the people with need of income. In accordance to Loyola’s mission, Catholic Charities helps the community regardless the background people seeking for assistance may come from. They are willing to provide assistance through funds, referrals, case managements, emergency shelterRead MoreCase Study: Homelessness/Schizophrenia Essay examples2696 Words   |  11 PagesCase Study: Homeless/Schizophrenia Charla Green ABS 200: Introduction to Applied Behavioral Science Instructor Shannon Tromp February 5, 2012 I. Introduction a. Goals of paper b. Topic of paper II. Micro a. Consider the personality, emotions, beliefs, behaviorsRead MoreHomelessness : A Worldwide Public Health Crisis Essay1423 Words   |  6 PagesHomelessness: A Worldwide Public Health Crisis In the United States, there were approximately 564,708 people who were homeless on a single winter night in 2015 (Housing and Urban Development, 2015). Worldwide, acquiring an accurate picture of homelessness has proven challenging due to varying definitions country to country. Furthermore, data on homelessness has also proven to be extremely sparse in many parts of the world. The last worldwide survey was attempted by the United Nations. Based onRead MoreThemes Of Homelessness992 Words   |  4 PagesThe Problems and causes of homelessness are closely intertwined, with many of the problems of homelessness also sharing common source with the causes of homelessness. Narrative comments are included. There are three central themes that are highlighted in the cases. Mental health plays a large role in the cause and problem of homelessness as displayed by Stephanie’s experience as â€Å"her parents asked her to leave home. Stephanie had suffered from anxieties and bipolar†. Abusive relationships are alsoRead MoreHomeless Today : Young Adults, Adolescents And Their Families1531 Words   |  7 Pagesyears the amount of homeless individuals has continuously decreased throughout the country. Homelessness in America is a serious problem, especially with higher rates in unemployment happening. Americans are unable to support themselves and with lack of family support, resources and abilities this is leading to homelessness. â€Å"On a single night in January 2013, 610,042 people were experiencing homelessness† (Endhomelessness.org, 2014), which has decreased significantly since 2005 in which the numberRead MoreHomeless On A Single Winter Night Essay1507 Words   |  7 Pagesacquiring an accurate picture of homelessness has proven challenging due to varying definitions country to country. Furthermore, data on homelessness has also proven to be extremely sparse in many parts of the world. The last worldwide survey was attempted by the United Nati ons. Based on the survey it was estimated that 100 million people were homeless across the world (United Nations, 2005). Due to the lack of data, greater focus should be placed on the issue of homelessness. Considering the well-knownRead MoreThe Emotional, Social, And Academic Effects Of Homelessness On Children1291 Words   |  6 Pageseffects of homelessness on children Hardly a day in life goes by without seeing a homeless child trying to survive, especially in developing countries. Unwanted sightings of homeless children happen every day both in developed and underdeveloped countries. The increase in divorce and trend in cohabitation has led to an increasing number of children being homeless. As stated in the â€Å" Homeless Facts Children and Homelessness - Some Facts conducted by the Committee on Temporary Shelter, homelessness is ofRead MoreHomelessness : Extreme Poverty And The Urban Housing Crisis913 Words   |  4 PagesHomelessness has affected many individuals throughout the United States and the world. On, 2014 the National Alliance to End Homelessness collected that â€Å"578,424 people experiencing homelessness on any given night in the United States (â€Å"Snapshot of Homelessness). Most individuals believe that more individuals are single, but â€Å"216,197 are people in families,† and â€Å"362,163 are individuals,† (â€Å"Snapshot of Homelessness). Homelessness affects everyone, from families to individuals and veterans. In theRead MoreHomelessness888 Words   |  4 PagesAccess to Primary Care for Homeless People in the USA History of the Topic Homelessness is a significant health challenge to care system in the United States. Maness and Khan state that over 610,000 people did not have a shelter in 2013 on any given night (Maness Khan, 2014). Also, a study conducted by Health Quality Ontario (2016) reviewed homelessness interventions between 1995 and 2015. The study indicates that the problem has been in existence for quite some years. According to Maness andRead More How Many People are Homeless? Essay1591 Words   |  7 Pagesmost cases, homelessness is a temporary circumstance -- not a permanent condition. A more appropriate measure of the magnitude of homelessness is therefore how many people experience homelessness, not how many people are homeless. Studies of homelessness are complicated by problems of definitions and methodology. This fact sheet describes definitions of homelessness, methodologies for counting homeless people, and recent estimates of homelessness. Additional resources for further study are also

The Evolution of the American Dream The Great Gatsby by...

The Evolution of the American Dream The American dream is easily the greatest of any American tragedy. Once one of the most noble and sought after ideas, now only a simple idea cast aside by differing virtuosos in differing professions. â€Å"And as the moon rose higher the inessential houses began to melt away until gradually I became aware of the old island here that flowered once for Dutch sailors eyes – a fresh, green breast of the new world. Its vanished trees, the trees that had made way for Gatsbys house, had once pandered in whispers to the last and greatest of all human dream†(Fitzgerald.9) This shows that people who once came to this land, sought a lifestyle that is no longer available to many people today. They had adventure,†¦show more content†¦Muir was not killed but instead blinded, he promised that if he regained his eyesight he would drop his materialistic lifestyle and instead pursue a life of serenity and tranquility in the forest. The Americ an dream has become almost like an alternative trend, it is always an everlasting force however, it is not the main dream of people. It no longer carries any weight with new generations, and with every generation that passes by, more people care less and less about nature. Every generation we lose more and more acres of land for nature. When nature is finally gone then the already diluted American dream will be gone as well. The Great Gatsby is a great example on why and how the American dream was destroyed. Its a lot easier to be morally upright when youre not pinching and scraping to make a living†¦ which makes the immorality of the wealthy even more unforgivable. Every advantage in the world, and they cant even be nice people? Nick may forgive them, but were not sure we do.†(Fitzgerald.1) One of the many reason the American dream died is because the upper class forced the lower and working class into a position in which they could not be able to connect with nature. In the book, Tom forces Wilson to kill Gatsby, by literally showing Wilson Gatsby’s house. This can be interpreted as the upper class having all the money, and because of this the lower class having to resort to killing the original American dream of pure happiness.Show MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald And The Big Short Essay1707 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The American Dream†, a national phrase in which is mainly praised by those who pursue the goal of living a better life. All of this is merely an illusion, there is no such thing as â€Å"The American Dream†. It is just a big hypocrisy in America and will not change the fact that everyone will still be labeled in a social class and used as a lure for those migrating to the US for a better life. Not only will those in America label your class, but the people you speak to and go out with will also depend

Terrorism in Peru Free Essays

ENGLISH * Forgiveness Means Love Name: Alejandra Cardenas Modality: Essay School: Villa Caritas Grade:11 B Stage:High School July 2012 Forgiveness Means Love What would happen if a doctor told you are dying tomorrow, would you forgive the people who ever hurt you? Or would you die with that resentment in your heart? Everyone has been hurt at least once by actions or words from another person. It is difficult to forgive such an injury. These wounds can stay forever if you don’t learn to forgive the ones who hurt you. We will write a custom essay sample on Terrorism in Peru or any similar topic only for you Order Now Forgiveness means peace, love, respect, hope. We all talk about a peaceful world, but we don’t make an effort to make it happen. â€Å"Love is around us† but we reject it and prefer to obey our carnal desires. We expect people to respect us, but we don’t respect others, and sometimes we make fun of their believes. Hope is all it is left. Hope to have a better world, hope to become a better person, and hope to forgive others. A clear example of forgiveness is terrorism in Peru. Today we still have resentment and thoughts of revenge for what Abimael Guzman did. But we need to forgive so we can live our lives in a peaceful way. After a long battle of terrorism in Peru, Abimael Guzman was finally put in jail in 1992. All the families were enthusiastic by the news and felt more secured. He was captured by the Intelligence Special Group, led by Alberto Fujimori, the president on that time. They started investigating various residence of Lima and found out that Mr. Guzman was hiding in a house of a lady. They found some medicines used for a treatment of psoriasis, a disease that Abimael Guzman suffered. Shining Path was a group of terrorists, who believed in marxism-leninism-maoism. They thought that fighting would solve all their problems. They wanted a change but they were not heard. It was a fight between the proletariat and the state, between the landowners and the capitalists in the city. This group of terrorists wanted to replace what it was seen as bourgeois democracy with a â€Å"new democracy†. The Shining Path wanted to impose a dictatorship of the proletariat, lead a cultural revolution, and eventually introduce communism and have the complete control of the government. Before he was captured, Abimael Guzman wanted to get the whole power of the Peruvian government. He used violence to achieve his goals. He attacked the Peruvian Armed Forces and the National Police. Guzman placed diverse bombs in schools, houses, streets and popular places. Many people died, and families were devastated with their loss. It was a time of mourning. Every day was a new wake, and every day more people lost faith. Many families, who lived in such a devastating period of time, blamed Abimael Guzman for all their misfortunes. Wished him the worst, and wanted to put him in jail. At the end, Guzman was captured; people were safer but still felt a grudge towards him. But it is necessary to forgive and wish him the best. Everybody makes mistakes, some of them are big or small, but mistakes are made to learn from them and become a better person. Generally, forgiveness is a decision to let go the resentment and thoughts of revenge. Many people may think: Why is it important to forgive a man who hurt so many families? Forgiveness can lead to feelings of understanding, empathy and compassion for the one who hurt you. It doesn’t mean that you deny the other person’s responsibility for hurting you, and it doesn’t minimize or justify the wrong of his action. Forgiveness brings peace that helps you go on with life. And that’s what Peruvians should do. It’s not easy but it is the right thing to do. We are free to decide what the best is for us, and the best is to always forgive. â€Å"†¦but I say to you that everyone who is angry with his brother will be liable to judgment; whoever insults his brother will be liable to the council; and whoever says, ‘You fool! will be liable to the hell of fire. So if you are offering your gift at the altar and there remember that your brother has something against you, leave your gift there before the altar and go. First be reconciled to your brother, and then come and offer your gift. † It is possible that many Peruvians agree to forgive Abimael Guzman. On the other hand, there might be some of them who refuse to even consider forgiving him. Unforgiving means to have anger, resentment and bitterness in your life. Having all this negatives aspects would make life harder to enjoy. Also it is possible to become more negative and insecure. Having a good future means to forgive the past. As Jesus once said: â€Å"But I tell you who hear me: Love your enemies, do good to those who hate you, bless those who curse you, pray for those who mistreat you. If someone strikes you on one cheek, turn to him the other also. † It is an obligation for all the citizens to let go that resentment and feeling of revenge towards Abimael Guzman. Peace is not reached easily; it takes time and reconciliation with everyone who has hurt you. Forgiveness means to have an open heart and mind. Forgiveness does not come easy for anyone. Human’s natural instinct is to protect itself when he or she has been injured. Forgiveness can change lives; it brings peace, happiness and emotional healing. It is job of everyone to build a better world, a world with love, peace, kindness and reconciliation. There is no love without forgiveness and there is no forgiveness without love. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Matthew 5:22-24 [ 2 ]. Luke 6:27-29 How to cite Terrorism in Peru, Essay examples

Optimism in the Enlightenment free essay sample

The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in 18th century Europe. The Enlightenment helped with both capitalism and the birth if socialism, as well as providing the framework for the French and American revolutions. Several brilliant thinkers contributed to the philosophical movement of this time. Voltaire, Diderot, and Rousseau were the most optimistic thinkers in the Enlightenment. Francois-Marie Arouet, commonly known as Voltaire, was the greatest figure of the Enlightenment. Voltaire wrote, †Philosophic Letters in the English† which displayed his admiration of England’s freedom and especially their religious tolerance. In his works he expressed an optimistic view of freedom. Although Voltaire was the most well known optimist of the Enlightenment, Diderot contributed a crucial factor to the era. Denis Diderot was the son of a craftsman from eastern France. Diderot was an atheist who developed the first encyclopedia. His idea for an all knowledge volume of books proved that he was an important optimist of his time. We will write a custom essay sample on Optimism in the Enlightenment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As soon as the encyclopedia’s price dropped, it was available to everyone, spreading the thoughts of optimism and the Enlightenment further. Diderot was important, but so was Rousseau. Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed in a government with little or no laws. He thought that when people had no laws that they knew right from wrong and were happier that way. Rousseau said this in his book, â€Å"Discourse on the origins of the Inequality of Mankind†. His want for everyone to be happy was a sign of his optimism. Voltaire, Diderot, and Rousseau brought a multitude of optimistic ideas to the Enlightenment. The ideas of these three intelligent men shared a common goal. Voltaire wanted freedom for everyone, Diderot wrote an encyclopedia for the good of people, and Rousseau strove for a new kind of government to make the people happy.

Human Behavior in Companies When the Organizational Behavior Leaves Much to Be Desired

Classic Airlines and Marketing

Classic Airlines and Marketing Classic Airlines is the fifth largest airline in the world with 25 years of experience and profitable revenue. Even though the industry is in a financial downfall, Classic Airlines is not immune to pressure. Competitive pressure and increased lower-fare travel have combined to cause passenger revenue in a long-term trend.The five environmental forces in businesses must monitor: social, economic, technological, competitive and regulatory. By identifying trends related to each of these forces businesses can develop and maintain successful marketing programs (Kerin, Hartley, Berkowitz Rudelius, 2005). The airline industry has reached a low point since the September 11th attacks that has contributed to the airline economics in addition to the worldwide economic viability. Worldwide including The United States has been impacted by the market decrease and has the airline business striving to regain and improve profitability. In spite of financial issues the airline industry remains compet itive and as shown in Exhibit A, Classic Airlines Financials negative numbers are starting to show more each month (Course Materials, 2009).English: Screenshot from WebCRMSituation BackgroundBy an increased uncertainly about flying there has been a concerned investment community on the watch, the airline industry operates with a microscope watching over them.The consumers' confidence appears to be waving. Classic's declining rewards program measured a decrease in reference to the lower number of Classic reward member which, turns to the lower amount of flights. The loyal customer's that Classic Airlines has had are not been happy and they are going somewhere else. Rising costs, such as labor and fuel has limited Classic's ability to compete for a valued perk for the frequent flier.Classic is now facing a mandated cost reduction to take place over the next year and the Board of Directors has not released much information on the company's current state and this may be...

Explanatory synthesis(read the prompt) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Explanatory synthesis(read the prompt) - Essay Example The recently proposed or established acts like the Homeland Security Act, the USA Patriot Act, and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act etc have initiated hot debate. Many people consider that national security should be placed above privacy of individuals, ignoring the fact that after that America is slowly being converted into a police state. However, civil privacy and personal rights are much more important and the Government must focus on enhancing security without compromising with the privacy of the common man. The fear of being attacked again, the continuous security breaching threats have put America under immense pressure and made it more vigilant, such that the Government is pulling all stops to convert the country into a total surveillance state. Most state authorities now employ cameras to keep a track of things and snoop on its citizens. I believe that this is in fact not fair at all, because such surveillance cannot only be abused but also can give false results. C hristian Parenti in the article DC Virtual Panopticon, discusses on the issue and reveals how the â€Å"police in Detroit and DC have used CCTV to stalk personal foes, political opponents and young women† which in itself is a threat to the security of citizens. Another much publicized electronic surveillance instrument- the facial recognition system is not close to what had been promised. In â€Å"trading liberty for Illusion†, Wendy Kaminer informs us that the facial recognition system used â€Å"never identified a single individual contained in the department’s database of photographs.† Some may have the opinion that electronic surveillance are an efficient method to keep track of potential threats but time and again the system has failed and the surveillance cameras have been used not for the purpose of security at all. Another crucial point about such electronic surveillance is that the chances of the camera operators keeping eye on minority civilians only rather than focusing on everyone with equal vigilance is increased. Wendy Kaminer said that it is a true fact that the security officers are bound to   Ã¢â‚¬Å"focus disproportionately on racial minorities or while away the hours peering up women's skirts†. Therefore, it is clear that even though electronic surveillance have been supposedly adopted and installed as a national security measure and keep the citizens from any harm. Yet, the ways in which the system is being abused by the security officers themselves establishes the fact that such technological measures that have been adopted are in no way enhancing security but are successfully destroying the freedom of the civilians. A similar breach of civilian privacy is the tapping of phone lines. The USA patriot Act brought in the use of wiretap warrants that allowed the USA police to engage in wiretap surveillance against anyone who was under suspicion. Therefore the Government could easily intercept the electronic c ommunication of just about anyone they liked. Though the electronic Communications Privacy Act was brought into force to safeguard the citizens from such interceptions, the ACT did have loopholes. However, many people like Joshua Quittner, believe that a little loss of privacy is not a high price for security and that most people are too paranoid about their privacy. In the article â€Å"Invasion of Privacy†, Joshua Quittner wrote that at first he couldn’t â€Å"get worked up about privacy: my right to it; how it's dying; how we're headed for an even more wired, under

Assess the hierarchical structure of the court system in England and Assignment

Assess the hierarchical structure of the court system in England and Wales. To what extent does the common law doctrine of bindi - Assignment Example England and Wales share common structures in the legal structure and the structure is commonly called the English legal system. Besides the hierarchical structure that defines the court system, the supplication of the various statutes distinguishes the system from other global structures of court systems. The English court system stands unique in the manner of application of the various doctrines of law and observes a characteristic doctrine of precedent. This paper therefore has the main objective of critically assessing the hierarchical structure that is observed within the England as well as Wales court systems. Besides, the paper intends to evaluate the extent to which the doctrine of common law in binding precedent takes effect or is observed within this structure of court system. The report will prioritize the analysis of the main courts in the hierarchy and assess the individual status and functioning concerning the common system with the analysis taking special attention on t he civil courts as against the English criminal courts. Discussion Dating back from the ancient times of Alfred the Great, the English system of law has had great revolutions to stand as it is today. Constant improvements and reformations have been observed which have in one way or another contributed to the making of the English legal system as it is today. ... The English civil system of courts comprises of various courts which include the ‘county courts’, the ‘magistrate courts’, the ‘high courts’ the ‘court of appeal’, ‘House of lords’ as well as the ‘high court† (The English Legal System – Overview, nd, para 1-3). The courts follow a hierarchical order where varying powers and provisions are created and enforced by the different levels of the courts. The lowest ranked court in the civil system is the county court, which has primary jurisdiction on debt collection as well as in civil action. The courts often present the most efficient system to deal with such cases, which are often many and it, is preferred for the benefit of cost effectiveness, which the public exchequer as well as the parties to litigation enjoys. The magistrate’s courts in England and Wales have special jurisdictions on family matters where custody orders in relation to children and or matrimonial grievances are addressed. Moreover, this level of court system is mandated to address the issues of adoption cases and have the potential of excluding a person from a family or household. The high court, through the family division is charged with the responsibility of addressing appeal cases from this court. Being both an original as well as an appellate court, the high court provides an opportunity where individuals would start judicial proceedings direct from here and where appeals are made on particular issues as specified. The high court has different divisions which are distinct in regard to roles assigned. There exists no jurisdiction to limit the working of the court and thus it serves the entire England as well as Wales. Besides addressing the civil cases alone, Queens

Unit 3&4 Micro Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit 3 Micro - Assignment Example The lowest sales tax in the US is 4.5% in Hawaii and Portland, Oregon, while Anchorage in Alaska does not have any kind of sales tax. What this shows is the rest of the country could pay between 4.5 and 10% showing that sales tax is only part the overall tax structure where, for example, states such as Washington has a sales tax, but it does not have income tax. The table in the appendix shows what kind of sales tax Americans living in the various states are paying showing that the average tax rate could approach 8% and could be considered high (Tax Foundation, 2012). Another indicator to look at might be the US had $558 billion trade deficit with the outside world in 2011 showing that the nation is importing more than it is exporting that reveals there could be foreign made goods flooding the US market. The deficit with China alone accused of flooding the US market with goods made using cheap labor was at $295.5 billion in 1911. Other sign that Americans are buying more foreign made goods is the manufacturing jobs in the US are disappearing where in 10 years alone 5 million manufacturing jobs might have disappeared. The trade imbalance the US had that was 7 times more than any other nation shows that the American consumers are buying foreign goods more than any other nation. Buying foreign goods hits hard on the local manufacturing where in the US alone, on average 15 manufacturing facilities were closing everyday for the last ten years showing that imported goods had replaced goods produced by such manufacturers. The outcome of heavily relying on foreign made goods had been that at least more than 41% of working age Americans do not have decent jobs, while the majority of new created jobs are low-tech and low-paying. When looking at figures like this it is possible to say that there are many imported goods in the US economy, to the point

The principles of lean and agile Manufacturing

The principles of lean and agile Manufacturing All related literatures are reviewed in this chapter. Lean concept focuses on eliminate waste, while agile concept focuses on flexibility in supply chain. The theories that cite the topic of reducing cycle time in, which related to the lean concept. Detailed topics included in this chapter are 1. Principles of Lean Manufacturing 2. Product cycle time improvement 3. Principles of Agile Manufacturing 2.1 Principles of Lean Manufacturing Eiji Toyoda and Taiichi Ohno at the Toyota Motor Company in Japan had found the Lean production concept after World War II. Toyota Production System (TPS) is the original moving assembly line developed by Toyota Motor that make material flow continuously (Shingo, 1981; Monden, 1983; Ohno, 1988; Jones, Roos, and Womack, 1991). Henry Ford (1926) had been using parts of Lean as early as the 1920s, as prove as by the following quote: One of the most noteworthy accomplishments in keeping the price of Ford products low is the gradual shortening of the production cycle. The longer an article is in the process of manufacture and the more it is moved about, the greater is its ultimate cost In the past, the traditional business in the manufacturing industry Lean is a philosophy that is a method of inventory management and production control (Diana Coggin, 2003). Lean Manufacturing principle seeks to remove non-value-added activities from the production process. The Lean Manufacturing technology focuses on the production, quality, customer service, and profitability. It investigates the total operations system. The core of Lean Manufacturing is that can synergistic work to create a streamline, high quality system and produce the product meet the customer requirement with no waste. (Shan and Ward, 2003). Lean is a methodology that used to increase speed and reduce the cost of any process by eliminating waste. The main concept of Lean Manufacturing is that can be work together to create a streamline, high quality system and produce the product meet the customer demand with no waste (Shah and Ward, 2003). The companies can produce, develop and distribute products with half or less of the human effort, tools, time, space and overall expense by eliminating unnecessary steps, recombining labor into cross-functional teams dedicated to that activity, planning all steps in an activity in a continuous flow, and continuous attempt to improvement. They can also become more flexible and responsive to customer demands (Harvard Business School Press, 2000). The benefits of lean manufacturing is greater productivity, lower cost, shorter delivery times, improved quality and increased customer satisfaction. The objective of lean manufacturing is to deliver orders on time with shortest lead time with minimum inventory and with fewer resources. 2.1.1 Characteristics of a Leans process The principle of lean manufacturing is to eliminate waste in all the processes, there are seven types of waste: overproduction, inefficient transportation, general delays, inefficient internal materials handling, processing, inventory, defects. Lean principles can be used to improve productivity driven by workers, based on their knowledge of the work and equipment, with the goal of increasing value added work (Holly and Gaskins, 2004) The characteristics of Lean process assist to flow of process run as continuously as possible with a rapid cycle time. The precise description of each work station activity specifying cycle time, take-time, the work sequence of specific tasks, and the minimum inventory of parts on hand needed to conduct the activity (Stenzel, 2007). The characteristics of lean processes are: Make to order Single-piece production Just-In-Time materials/pull scheduling Short cycle times Quick changeover Continuous flow work cells Compressed space Multi-skilled employees High first-pass yields with major reductions in defects 2.2 Product cycle time improvement Lean manufacturing is an operational strategy oriented toward achieving the shortest possible cycle time by eliminating waste. Cycle time reduction is identifying and implementing more efficient ways to do things. Reducing cycle time requires eliminating or reducing non-value-added activities. The technique often decreases the time between a customer order and shipment, and it is designed to radically improve profitability, customer satisfaction, throughput time, and employee morale. ( Michael and Kentaro, 1998) Cycle time reduction is an important access in the tool chest of performance improvement methods. Cycle time reduction focuses on the opportunity to the time to complete the many process in the company. Cycle time is identifiable for a business process or the company, specific activity. Total cycle time is the sum of the cycle time of all activities in all the process of the company. It is important to understand the four components of the activities cycle time. Components of cycle time: wait, move, delay, process. Wait is the time an item that waiting to be moved to the next activity. Move time is the time during which the item moved from the last activity to the next. Delay or set up time is the time from when the item is ready to be processed at the next operation, until the work actually starts. Process Time is the time it takes to complete the work once it has begun. The component of the cycle time decision elements: a. Processing time: timing that the thing is being worked on by an operation. To studying this matter seriously by using tool; a stopwatch from camera following unit being processed by one operator all the way through the process (or sub-process). Processing Time = Manual Work + Walking + Waiting b. Waiting time: timing between sub-process that the thing gets shuffled around or sits around waiting for someone to work on it. As well as knowing Waiting Transportation Time or Inventory/Transpiration Time. In this case have effect from waiting time in each work station and wait time of part of car model. c. Change overtime; the amount of time takes to change over the making or program from the end to previous step to the current step. If you have to takes always will effect with total cycle time. d. Since a batch size of one has been unpracticed the goal is in improve productivity periodically. The ultimately reduces inventory carry costs, work in progress, and cycle time. Also this enabling the company operates profitably at lower margins. 2.3 Principles of Agile Manufacturing The Agile Manufacturing was presented in the first time at the publication in the USA of a report entitled 21st Century Manufacturing Enterprise Strategy (Barutcu, 2007). So, it has been introduced as a method of increasing competitive advantage in response to increasingly competitive global markets. Agile concept focuses on the fast response to changeable of customer demand (Mason-Jones, Naylor, Towill, 2000). The key component in agile manufacturing is flexibility (Nagel and Dove, 1991; Goldman, Nagel, Preiss, 1995). The agile manufacturing methods can be adjusted and consolidated into companies of any size to ensure the growth and success. The changeable of customer and technological requirements that make the manufacturers develop agile supply chain capabilities in order to be competitive (Barutcu, 2007). So, many companies use the flexibility and agility to respond the customers requirement and markets demand in real time (Mason-Jones et al., 2000; Yusuf et al., 2004). The new concept of agility manufacturing need to secure competitive advantage from the production process that can be both efficient and responsive (Davis, 1987; Pine, 1993). Agility can be defined as the ability of an organization to succeed in a constantly changing, and unpredictable business environment (Iaccoca Institute, 1991). The agility has four basic principles that to improve customer interaction by providing added value in order to satisfy customers needs (Nagel, 1993). The lead time to satisfy customer demands is important for both lean and agile. High product quality levels are also important for both lean and agile (Childerhouse Towill, 2000). In the case of lean, minimal lead times are required because time is waste and should be removed if possible. In the other hand, in the case of agile, minimal lead times are required to be able to respond volatile customer demand as quickly as possible (Towill, 1996). So, the concept of lean can be used to eliminate waste, when demand is smooth by planning to maximize profit by the way of reducing the physical cost (Womack Jones, 1996). And the concept of agile, the main point is the extreme of volatile market demand (Christopher, 2000). The lean concept try to offer the good quality products at lower price by removing inventory and waste from the process, in the other hand, agile concept try to serve as quickly as possible to the customer requirements and specifications (Maskell, 2001). Naylor et al., (1999) stated that both lean and agile paradigms in relation to supply chain strategies: Agility means using market knowledge and a virtual corporation to exploit profitable opportunities in a volatile marketplace. Leanness means developing a value stream to eliminate all waste, including time, and to enable a level schedule. To understand the evolution of these paradigms, a brief history of industrial production processes need to be described. There have been three major phases or paradigm shifts of industrial production in the modern world (Smith, 1992; Womack et al., 1991). These phases are as follows: 1. Craft production. This phase is in which craftsmen contracted and completed individual projects on a job-by-job basis. Customer requests were typically for unique products, which varied to some extent from a previously manufactured item. 2. Mass production. This phase is largely associated with the coming of age of Henry Fords mass production assembly line this was the time in which cookie-cutter products were rolled off the end of the line at breakneck speeds. Product variety was minimal at the beginning of this phase and increased somewhat as time progressed. 3. Lean/JIT production. This is a phase which only recently has been recognized as a viable production alternative. Lean/Just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing attempts to use the advantages of mass production in concert with the principles of JIT and elimination of waste in order to minimize the total cost of producing a product. All related literatures are reviewed in this chapter. The researcher has discussed relevant concepts in the production process in make-to-order manufacturing. Lean focuses on eliminate waste whereas agile focuses on flexibility in supply chain.

William T. Sherman Essay examples -- essays research papers

William T. Sherman SHERMAN, William Tecumseh (1820-91). Ranked second only to General Ulysses S. Grant as the greatest Northern commander in the American Civil War, Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman was a master of modern warfare. Like Grant, Sherman was born in Ohio when it was a frontier state. He was named Tecumseh for the Shawnee Indian chief who had terrorized that region a few years earlier. Sherman was born on Feb. 8, 1820, in Lancaster, Ohio. His father died when he was 9 years old. Most of the 11 children in the family were distributed among the relatives and friends. He was adopted by Thomas Ewing. After attending an academy at Lancaster, Sherman entered West Point. During the Mexican War he saw service in California. In 1853 he resigned his commission for a business, legal, and educational career. When Louisiana seceded from the Union, he was head of the state military academy (now Louisiana State University). He resigned his position and rejoined the army in May 1861. He was commissioned a colonel of volunteers and commanded a brigade in the first battle of Bull Run, on July 21, 1861. Three months later he was given charge of the Department of the Ohio (River). On taking over his new command he reported that 200,000 men would be needed to carry on a successful campaign in that region. Newspapers said that Sherman was crazy. Time proved him right, but popular protest cost him his command. Sherman's military genius was so outstanding that he could not long be k...